The making of an ethnic group: the Romaioi in the 12th
-13th centuries
Christos Malatras
In matters regarding ethnic or national identity, Byzantium until recently was seen from two
opposing perspectives. That the Byzantines considered themselves Greeks but hid it behind
the label of the Roman citizen, “Romaios”, due to the pejorative notion of paganism that the
word “Hellen” had received in the Late Antiquity.1 Or, according to the second view, that the
multi-ethnic character of the Byzantine empire and Christianity entails a denial by modern
historians of any national or ethnic identity for the Byzantines.
2 Only recently attempts like
Magdalino‟s, Beaton‟s or Kaldellis‟ have tried to challenge these prevailing views. 3
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